【摘要】新课程标准中明确提出“要培养学生的综合语言应用能力”,在这一理念下,近几年的江苏高考对书面表达提出了更高的要求。本文借助于输入输出理论,结合牛津英语教材模块一,谈谈自己对高一英语教学中书面表达训练及指导的一些想法和做法。
【关键词】输入输出理论 高一教材 写作训练
一、江苏高考书面表达的要求
随着新课改的不断深入,江苏高考英语书面表达呈现出以下特点:字数由100词增加到150词;作文题目的时代感越来越强,话题都与当下的热点、学生的生活实际联系紧密;作文给出的提示越来越少,2011年的高考作文没有中文提示,而是一幅漫画和少量的英文提示,可见其开放性逐步增强。这无疑对高中学生的写作能力提出了更高的要求,从而突出了写作在高中英语教学中的重要性。但写作能力不是一蹴而就的,教师需要从高一开始就注重对学生书面表达的训练和指导。
二、输入输出理论
20世纪80年代初期,美国语言学家Krashen提出了语言输入假设理论。他认为人们习得语言的必要条件和关键是“可理解的输入”,是指输入的语言在高于学习者现有水平的时候,他们才能习得语言,即具备i+l的特征后,语言的输入才能产生效果(i是学习者现有水平,l是指现有程度与下一程度的距离)。如果在此基础上,能够依托一定的情景,并且有大量有趣有关联的输入,学习者就有可能实现较好效果的语言输出。
加拿大学者Swain在20世纪80年代中期提出“输出假设”(Output Hypothesis) 认为语言理解和语言产出是截然不同的两种语言技巧,语言产出能力只能通过促使语言学习者产出语言的活动——语言输出,即通过实际的用所学语言口头或书面表达的活动才能有效习得。语言产出能力应该以通过接受语言输入培养起来的语言理解能力为前提和基础,然后再通过积极的、创造性的、大量的语言输出实践才能形成。
输入与输出是相互关联,相互作用,相互促进,不可或缺的,共同构成了一个完整的语言学习过程。输入是输出的前提和基础;输出是将所输入的语言内化的过程,在二者的作用下,语言学习者才能形成自身的语言系统。
三、具体的写作训练
基于上述的输入输出理论,要提高学生的英语写作能力就意味着教师应当帮助学生输入大量的、可以被学生所理解的、学生感兴趣的、有联系的语言材料。在课上、课下采取相应的方法开展教学活动,有效地提高学生的语言输入输出能力,使学生的写作能力得以提升。
作为高中英语教师,可以充分利用江苏现行使用的牛津高中英语教材。这套教材中的很多材料是很好的写作素材,现以模块一为例,谈谈自己结合教材对学生进行写作训练及指导的一些具体做法。
Module 1 Unit1 的话题是School life.第一堂课要求学生做自我介绍,那么怎样做自我介绍呢?要是让学生自己说,那几乎就是千篇一律,也就那么几句话就结束了。所以我先让学生分组讨论,自我介绍究竟要包括哪些内容,要从哪些方面着手?经过小组讨论和教师的补充,我在黑板上列出了以下要点:name, graduate from, birthday, hometown, family members, hobbies, friends, favorite teachers/subjects/sports…, personality, experiences, dream…在列出这些要点后,我自己先做了简单的自我介绍,给学生提供一个例子。学生做自我介绍时,可以将以上列出的要点都涉及到,也可以选择其中的几点进行描述,并尽量采用不同的句式来表达。在学生的口头表达过程中,我又将其好的词汇和句式板书在黑板上,最后让学生记到笔记本上。当天的课后作业就是要学生将课上的口头自我介绍写成一篇小短文,要求是尽可能多地利用笔记本上好的词汇和句型。后来从批改的情况来看,学生的自我介绍写的都很不错。
Module 1 Unit2 的话题是Growing pains.在welcome部分有三个讨论的问题,其中第三个问题(Can you describe an experience with your parents that was not pleasant?)给了我灵感。于是在课上学生的讨论后,我布置了一篇短文写作。
Please write a short passage describing an unpleasant experience with your parents and tell us how you dealt with it.
要求:120词左右
参考词汇: be fond of, used to, be happy with, upon doing, surf the internet, develop an interest in…, prepare for, devote oneself to, achieve high grades, require, approve, for one thing…for another…, make good use of, upset, defend oneself, explanation, be independent of, tolerate, look back on,be supposed to, be hard on, regret doing…(请尽可能多地将以上的词汇用于你的文章)
这些词汇都是第一单元的重点单词短语,和已教的第二单元reading部分的重点词汇,把这些词汇用于写作中既是温故而知新,又能加深对新词汇的理解和巩固。
由于学生的知识掌握水平与能力不一样,所以这些词汇的使用情况也不尽相同。有些学生只能用5个,有些学生可以用到15个以上。下面选取了学生写得比较好的文章:
When I was in Grade 9, I was fond of playing basketball. I used to play it every weekend. However, the school life was very nervous. Because of basketball, I couldn’t devote myself to study. As a result, I achieved low grades. My father was very upset and he required me to give up basketball. He even threw away my basketball. I shouted to him angrily. He explained that playing basketball was necessary. For one thing, we can keep fit; for another, we can relax ourselves. He could approve of me playing basketball, but I was supposed to keep a balance between basketball and study. The reason why he was hard on me was that he expected me to go to high school. I was surprised at my father’s words.
After he communicated with me, I started to reduce the time for basketball and spend more time preparing for the exam. I made good use of time, so I achieved high grades in the final exams. My father was happy with me.
During the summer holiday, my father bought a new NIKE basketball for me and he bought a lot of books about study and Kobe Bryant, a person who is the most popular basketball player in the world. Then I developed an interest in reading.
When I look back on my time in Grade 9, I was grateful to my father because he understood me very much.
又如Module 1 Unit2 Task部分。这部分要求学生 Write a letter of advice.要给出合理的建议,那就必须清楚的知道问题所在,以及如何ask for advice,教材的编写非常合理。在备课前,我浏览了整个单元的内容,发现可以对教材予以整合。所以决定先完成project的教学,因为在project部分有不少可供学生使用的表达方式和句型结构。在处理Task skills building 1部分,我还是和做自我介绍时一样采用了学生讨论加教师补充的方式,将一些句型结构予以总结,以供学生使用。
Some sentences for asking for advice:
1. What can/ should I do…?
2. How can/should I …without harming our relationship between… and …?
3. Can you tell me some good ways to…?
4. Should I …?
5. What am I to do?
Some sentences for showing sympathy:
1. I need some help about…
2. I’m writing for advice/guidance about…?
3. Some sentences to show sympathy:
4. I’m sorry to hear that.
5. I hate it when that happens to me.
6. I know just what you mean.
7. I can understand…
8. It is normal/common/natural for teenagers to feel…
9. These feelings are a common part of adolescence.
10. Many teenagers have the same feeling as you.
11. Everything turns out OK.
Some sentences for giving advice:
1. You should/ must do…
2. Make sure that…
3. Eat more fruit…
4. You’d better (not) do…
5. It’s better to do…
6. You might as well do…
7. Why not do/why don’t you do…
8. How/what about doing…
9. I suggest you doing…
10. I advise you to do…
11. My advice/ suggestion is that you should do…
在给出句型后,我简单处理了35页-37页的几封信,着重于征求意见信及给出建议回信的格式及框架结构。由于本单元的内容围绕growing pains展开,我正好利用这个机会让学生把自己的烦恼写成一封信给同学以征求意见,然后将教材37页part B的内容删去,替换成其他同学写的给出意见的回信。这样,每位同学都要写两封信,在写两封信的过程中,要求学生一定要使用以上总结出来的句型,注意写信的格式及框架结构,通过写这两封信,学生不仅能掌握书信的格式以及注意点,更重要的是学生在实践中轻松地掌握了这些句型。
在批改的过程中,我发现大多数学生都能或多或少的使用这些总结出来的句型,并且能充分利用教材(P35-38的内容),下面列举两封征求意见信及回信:
Dear…
Can you help me with my growing pains?
I like reading very much and I used to read for a whole day. I just couldn’t stop it. But my parents didn’t allow me to read books because she thought it would affect my studies. She sometimes even threw my books away. I was very angry with her and we argued with each other. I was rude to her, but I didn’t know what to do.
At present, we spend less time together because I am a boarding student. Sometimes I think we don’t have common language and I can’t communicate with her. It affects my study and life. What can I do with it without harming our relationship?
Best regards
Gong Lin meng
Dear Gong Lin meng
Many parents think study is the most important thing their children should do. This is a common problem between parents and kids.
I agree that you read books after class. But you should pay attention to the time you spend on it. Make sure all the homework is finished then you can read them. I think you can keep a balance between study and reading books.
You said you always argued with your mother because of the problem. I think you are supposed to chat with her. Maybe she won’t throw your books away any more. If you badly want and need your mother’s love, yet feel distant. I advise you to tell your mother your real feeling. Communication is the best way to know each other between parents and teenagers.
I know being a teenager can be difficult. However, we should understand them, because they always put us in the first place. With a little bit of patience and communication many problems can be solved.
Best wishes
Zhang Xiao juan
这两篇文章用了不少教师提供的句型。特别是第二封信,文章套用了教材36页的那封回信,不仅格式而且句型都与教材中的原句极其相似,也套用了本单元reading部分和project部分的一些句型。对于高一学生来说,他们的知识储备远远不够,写作水平不高,要想写出好的文章,那就必须要得到帮助,而教师总结出的句型和教材上的内容从很大程度上帮助了他们,学生就会自然而然地重视教材。这种做法能模仿语言的使用,深化所学语言知识,熟练所学语言技巧,从而把显性语言知识转化为隐性的语言知识,促使语言使用的自动化。
在教完Module1 Unit 3后,我又设计了如下的书面表达:
Suppose you have a friend, who is a little bit fat. He/she wants to lose weight, but he/she is afraid that might cause damage to his/her health. He is confused about it at present. Please write a letter to him/her, giving her some advice on how to look good and feel good.
由于Unit2的写作中学生已经学会使用不同的表达方式提出建议,本次写作对于他们来说就比较容易了。鼓励学生尽量使用Unit3的reading部分和project部分的语言材料,用得越多越好。这样做能真正学以致用,在使用中习得语言。
此外,还应注意在对学生进行书面表达训练时,应尽量让学生先讨论从哪些方面着手,然后教师补充,这样其实是在训练学生的思维,对于开放性越来越大的高考书面表达来说,学会思考尤其重要。
总之,让学生写小文章之前,先经过讨论以及口头表达训练,并且把一些重点词汇和句型予以总结,然后再落实到笔头。学生有了足够的输入后,输出就不会困难了,大多数学生写出的文章都能达到教师的要求。同时,学生会发现原来课文里好多句子,甚至段落是可以用于写作的,这会激励他们重视书本,书本是写作的源泉。不少学生害怕写作文是因为不知道怎么写,没话写,当教师能够充分利用教材,给予学生必要的指导,那学生就不愁无话可写,不会觉得写作文痛苦。当学生有了一定的成就感后,就会慢慢地喜欢上写作,从而有助于学生写作能力的提高。
参考文献:
1. Krashen.S.Second Language Acquisition and Second Language
Learning[M].Oxford:pergamon,1981.
2. Swain.M..The Text:Bridge or Wall?In Bowers,R&C,Brumfit
(ed.) Applied Linguistics and English Teaching[J]. Macmillan
Publisher Limited,1 991.
3. 雷唯蔚《浅析输入输出理论对大学英语精读与写作教学的启示》时代教育 No.8
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